What to see at Notre-Dame Cathedral in Paris?
The Notre-Dame Cathedral of Paris, affectionately known as Notre-Dame, stands majestically on the Île de la Cité, at the heart of the French capital. Dedicated to the Virgin Mary, it is not only the seat of the Archdiocese of Paris but also an iconic monument of the city and the whole of France.
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Its construction, begun in 1163 under Maurice de Sully, spans two centuries, reflecting a blend of early and radiant Gothic styles. Notre-Dame has witnessed crucial historical moments, hosting significant royal and national events. Inspiring artists and writers, notably Victor Hugo with his eponymous novel, the cathedral attracted millions of visitors annually before the devastating fire of 2019 led to its temporary closure for restoration, with a reopening planned for 2024.
History of Notre-Dame Cathedral of Paris
Notre-Dame de Paris is rooted in history from the 12th century, on the Île de la Cité, at a time when Paris was emerging as a major Christian center. The cathedral, erected to welcome the faithful and pilgrims, quickly became a symbol of Christian faith and the cultural dynamism of the city. With the growing Parisian population in the 13th century and the arrival of the Passion relics by Saint Louis, it established itself as an architectural model and an essential site of worship.
In the 19th century, after being battered by the vicissitudes of history, including the French Revolution, the cathedral was restored under the impetus of works by Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, largely inspired by Victor Hugo's novel, "Notre-Dame de Paris". This restoration, which combines conservation and creation, profoundly marks the identity of the monument.
Finally, the cathedral was consecrated as a jewel of world heritage in 1991 by UNESCO, thus recognizing its universal value and importance in the history of religious architecture and French culture.
Architecture
The Notre-Dame Cathedral of Paris is a gem of Gothic architecture, characterized by its heavenly spires and daring flying buttresses that reflect the spiritual aspirations of the Middle Ages. Its construction, spanning nearly two centuries, began in the mid-12th century under the direction of Bishop Maurice de Sully. The cathedral gradually evolved with additions and modifications that enriched its Gothic architecture, which would only be referred to as such from the 16th century onwards.
Sculptures and gargoyles
The gargoyles, beyond their practical function of draining rainwater, embody an essential aspect of Gothic imagination. These structures, appearing around 1220, quickly became decorative elements in their own right, often in the form of sculpted fantastical animals. The gargoyles of Notre-Dame have become emblematic, not only for their functionality but also for their symbolism, reflecting the genius of 13th-century craftsmen. They are designed to distribute and divert water away from the cathedral's walls, thus protecting its limestone structure.
Stained glass and the rose window
The stained glass windows are among the most remarkable elements of Notre-Dame, covering nearly a thousand square meters and showcasing the refined art of medieval stained glass. They materialize a spiritual vision, transforming the cathedral's interior space into a setting of colored light, a technique mastered as early as the 12th century. The stained glass required precious and costly pigments, sometimes imported from afar, such as lapis lazuli from Afghanistan, to achieve intense blues.
The south rose, offered by King Saint Louis and built in 1260, is particularly distinguished. With its thirteen meters in diameter, it consists of eighty-four panels spread over four circles, incorporating figures of apostles, saint martyrs, and biblical scenes. The iconographic richness of the roses of Notre-Dame is a testament to the religious fervor and the complex art of medieval stained glass.
This architectural and artistic ensemble, although having suffered over the centuries and having been extensively restored, remains a vibrant testimony to the history and spirituality that presided over its creation.
The cathedral in Parisian life
The Notre-Dame Cathedral of Paris, beyond its architecture and history, occupies a central place in the social and spiritual life of the capital. It is an active and dynamic place of worship, hosting significant religious ceremonies, such as the Christmas masses and the Easter services, which attract faithful from around the world. Moreover, the cathedral has been the stage for significant historical events, including the reception of popes, the coronation of emperors and kings, and royal weddings, highlighting its role in the political and religious affairs of France.
As a tourist attraction, Notre-Dame de Paris has long been one of the most visited monuments in the capital, attracting millions of visitors each year, who come to admire its architectural beauty, sculptures, stained glass, and the breathtaking view of Paris from its towers. Before the tragic fire of 2019, which temporarily interrupted its accessibility to the public, the cathedral served not only as a place of prayer but also as a living museum of Paris's history.
The fire of 2019
Timeline of the April 2019 fire
The Notre-Dame de Paris fire, which occurred on April 15 and 16, 2019, was a tragic event that deeply impacted the world's heritage. For nearly 15 hours, flames ravaged a significant part of the cathedral. The fire, which broke out in the late afternoon in the framework, quickly spread, leading to the total destruction of the spire, the roofs of the nave and transept, as well as the framework itself. The collapse of the spire caused part of the vault of the transept crossing, part of the north arm, and a bay of the nave to fall.
Despite these considerable destructions, the heroic intervention of hundreds of firefighters saved the overall structure of the building, as well as the South tower, the western facade, the treasury, and most of the cathedral's artworks.
Impact on the structure and artworks
The fire caused a strong emotion in France and worldwide, leading to significant media coverage and generous donations for restoration. Fortunately, several valuable pieces were saved, including the Crown of Thorns and the Tunic of Saint Louis, which were secured at the Hôtel de Ville de Paris.
Other artworks, such as furniture and chandeliers, were also preserved. Some chalices were saved, and 16 statues located on the spire, removed a few days before the fire for restoration, also escaped the flames. The rooster located at the top of the spire, although found dented in the debris, seems restorable. As for the paintings in the cathedral, they were not directly affected by the fire but may have suffered damage from water and smoke. These paintings were removed and safely transported to the Louvre for dehumidification and restoration.
The reconstruction project
Major works and restorations
- The gables: the north and south gables of the transept, as well as the west gables of the nave, severely damaged by the fire, were dismantled during the winter of 2022-2023. The stones served as models for the stonemasons and sculptors reproducing the patterns on new stones. These artisans work in a large workshop at the foot of the cathedral, creating decorations such as small columns, foliage, flowers, and friezes. The masons are responsible for assembling the worked stones and their joints, making the structure more watertight and durable.
- Buttress walls: the buttress walls, essential for the stability of the structure and the future wooden framework, underwent restorations, particularly on the crowning stones. This operation was completed at the crossing of the transept and the nave, and began on the buttress walls of the choir in the spring.
- Technical and electrical installations: all existing networks and technical and electrical installations at the time of the fire were removed in early 2022. A significant underground technical gallery was built on the south side of the cathedral to streamline the passage of all networks, thus facilitating their maintenance and long-term upkeep. These works are expected to continue until the end of August.
- Framework of the nave and choir: the framework of the nave and choir, nicknamed "the forest," will be restored almost identically. Made of solid oak, it measures 32 meters long, 14 meters wide, and 10 meters high. The restoration process uses manual techniques respecting the grain of the wood. After selecting and transporting the oaks, the carpenters work the wood in several stages, including rough shaping, manual finishing, creating a large-scale work plan, alignment, and dry assembly of the frameworks for a trial. These frameworks will be installed above the vaults of Notre-Dame starting in the fall of 2023.
Archaeological discoveries
Since June 2021, archaeological excavations have been integrated into the restoration work schedule, particularly at the crossing of the transept. The scientific objectives included highlighting elements prior to the paving by Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, elements belonging to previous states of the cathedral, and potential funerary elements.
The excavations revealed two significant discoveries: polychrome fragments of the cathedral's former rood screen dating from the 13th century and an anthropomorphic lead sarcophagus probably dating from the 14th century, containing the body of a high church dignitary. These discoveries provide valuable information on the history of Notre-Dame.
Planned reopening
The official reopening of Notre-Dame Cathedral in Paris is scheduled for December 8, 2024, coinciding with the solemnity of the Immaculate Conception. This date respects the timelines initially planned for the massive restoration project following the 2019 fire.
Notre-Dame today
Current work on the site
The restoration work on Notre-Dame Cathedral in Paris is progressing rapidly. After two years dedicated to securing and preparing the site, efforts are now focused on the actual reconstruction. The most notable stages in recent months include the restoration of the framework, the spire, and the large roof, covering the nave, the choir, and the two arms of the transept.
In August 2023, a significant milestone was reached with the raising of the first trusses of the choir's framework, rebuilt using techniques and designs faithful to the original 13th-century structure. Simultaneously, the cathedral's spire, a masterpiece in solid oak wood, is visibly progressing, surrounded by scaffolding that continues its ascent.
Interior restoration work has also been carried out, notably the cleaning and restoration of the entire choir enclosure, a sculpted masterpiece from the 14th century, as well as the decorations of the sacristy. The restored vaults of the nave are now visible from the ground for the first time in over two years, marking a significant advancement in the project.
How the cathedral is kept alive in the public mind during reconstruction
The reconstruction of Notre-Dame is accompanied by a strong mobilization to keep the cathedral alive in the public mind. The passing of General Jean-Louis Georgelin, supervisor of the reconstruction, in August 2023, has strengthened the determination of the project's stakeholders to achieve a successful reopening by December 2024, in honor of his memory. Parisians and visitors can observe the progress of the work, notably the scaffolding surrounding the spire, a strong symbol of the resilience and rebirth of this iconic monument.
Visiting Notre-Dame Cathedral in Paris
The importance of supporting cultural heritage
Notre-Dame Cathedral in Paris is much more than just a religious building; it is a crossroads of French history and culture. The silhouette of Notre-Dame prominently features on foreign travel brochures and in the collective imagination, equivalent to symbols such as the Eiffel Tower or Mont Saint-Michel. The cathedral, attracting nearly 14 million tourists per year before the fire, even surpasses iconic sites like the Louvre Museum and the Eiffel Tower in terms of attendance.
The educational and spiritual value of the visit
The value of Notre-Dame also lies in its educational and spiritual importance. Every stone, every stained glass window of this cathedral tells a part of the world's history and Christianity. The three rose windows, particularly the south rose, offer not only a lesson in perspective and play of light but also reveal the grandeur of Gothic architecture. The cathedral has also hosted major historical events, such as the coronation of Napoleon Bonaparte and the liberation of Paris from Nazi occupation, thus testifying to its central role in French history.
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Notre-Dame has also been the home of precious Catholic artifacts, such as the crown of thorns believed to have been worn by Jesus before his crucifixion and the tunic of Saint Louis, King of France in the 13th century. Its presence in literature, notably in Victor Hugo's novel, "Notre-Dame de Paris," has stimulated interest in its restoration and contributed to its worldwide fame.
How to get involved?
Make a donation for the reconstruction
For those wishing to contribute to the reconstruction of Notre-Dame Cathedral in Paris, several donation options are available. Both French taxpayers and foreigners can make donations to support the restoration of this iconic monument. For more information and to contribute, you can visit the cathedral's secure website. Additionally, Friends of Notre-Dame de Paris is the official non-profit organization leading international fundraising efforts for the reconstruction and restoration of Notre-Dame Cathedral.
Virtual tours and online resources to explore the cathedral from afar
For those who cannot physically visit the cathedral, there are fascinating digital alternatives. The first virtual reality show of Notre-Dame de Paris, titled "Eternal Notre-Dame," offers an immersive experience into the cathedral's history, from the Middle Ages to the present day. Open to the public in Paris, La Défense since January 2022, this experience allows visitors to discover the cathedral fully recreated thanks to advanced 3D technologies.
Moreover, a free MOOC on Notre-Dame de Paris is available online. This course explores various aspects of the cathedral, ranging from its Gothic architecture to its role in popular culture and cinema. This enriching educational resource is accessible to all and offers a unique opportunity to discover the cathedral in a new light.
The Notre-Dame Cathedral in Paris, after its complete restoration, will continue to play a crucial role in world and cultural heritage. Symbol of resilience and rebirth, Notre-Dame remains a jewel of Gothic architecture and a living witness of French history. Its reopening is eagerly awaited by Parisians and visitors from around the world.
The restoration of Notre-Dame is not only essential to preserve its historical and cultural heritage, but it also represents a symbol of unity and hope. The cathedral, at the heart of Paris, will continue to inspire and educate future generations, affirming its status as an essential monument within the City of Light.
Nearby
After exploring the majestic Notre-Dame Cathedral in Paris, why not discover the hidden treasures that surround it? Here is a selection of must-see sites located nearby, offering a dive into the history, culture, and beauty of the Île de la Cité:
- Place Dauphine: Place Dauphine, located on the Île de la Cité, offers a tranquil and charming atmosphere. It's a perfect spot to relax after visiting Notre-Dame, with its charming cafes and peaceful view of the Seine.
- Square Barye: Square Barye is another haven of peace near Notre-Dame. Located at the eastern end of the Île Saint-Louis, this park offers magnificent views of the Seine and an ideal setting for a relaxing break.
- Square du Vert-Galant: This small square, located at the western tip of the Île de la Cité, offers a breathtaking view of the Seine. It's a perfect place for a picnic or simply to enjoy tranquility in the heart of Paris.
- Berthillon: Known for its artisanal ice creams, the famous Berthillon is a must-stop for food lovers. Located on the Île Saint-Louis, it is easily accessible from Notre-Dame.
- Marché aux fleurs Reine Elizabeth II: Just a few steps from Notre-Dame, this historic flower market, established since 1800, is a picturesque and colorful place. It offers a unique experience in the heart of Paris.
- Conciergerie: This historic monument, located near Notre-Dame, has a fascinating history. Formerly a prison where Marie-Antoinette was held, the Conciergerie is a testament to the tumultuous history of Paris.
- Sainte-Chapelle: A jewel of Gothic architecture, the Sainte-Chapelle is famous for its stunning stained glass windows. Located within the Palais de Justice, it is a must-see for art and history enthusiasts.
- Quais de l'Île de la Cité: The quays of the Île de la Cité offer picturesque walks and breathtaking views of Parisian monuments. A stroll along these quays is a pleasant way to discover the essence of Paris.
- Mémorial des martyrs de la Déportation: Located at the tip of the Île de la Cité, this memorial is dedicated to the memory of the victims of deportation during World War II. An important place of remembrance to visit.